Chapter 1: What is diabetes?

1: Harris M, Zimmet P. Classification of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. In Alberti K, Zimmet P, Defronzo R, editors. International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus. Second Edition. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 1997. p9-23.

2: World Health Organization. Prevention of diabetes mellitus. Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1994. No. 844.

3: Davis TM, Stratton IM, Fox CJ, et al. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study 22. Effect of age at diagnosis on diabetic tissue damage during the first 6 years of NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1997; 20 (9): 1435-1441.

4: International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. International Consensus on the Diabetic Foot International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot; 1999.

5: Meslier N, Gagnadoux F, Giraud P, et al. Impaired glucose-insulin metabolism in males with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J 2003; 22 (1): 156-160.

Chapter 2: The global burden

2.1 Diabetes

1: World Health Organization. Prevention of diabetes mellitus. Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1994. No. 844.

2: Hunt KJ, Schuller KL. The increasing prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2007; 34 (2): 173-99, vii.

2.2 Impaired glucose tolerance

1: Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, de Courten M, et al. Impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. What best predicts future diabetes in Mauritius? Diabetes Care 1999; 22 (3): 399-402.

2: Perry RC, Baron AD. Impaired glucose tolerance. Why is it not a disease? Diabetes Care 1999; 22 (6): 883-885.

3: Tominaga M, Eguchi H, Manaka H, et al. Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1999; 22 (6): 920-924.

2.3 Undiagnosed diabetes

1: Evaristo-Neto AD, Foss-Freitas MC, Foss MC. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in a rural community of Angola. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2: 63.

2: Plantinga LC, Crews DC, Coresh J, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in US adults with undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5 (4): 673-682.

3: Flores-Le Roux JA, Comin J, Pedro-Botet J, et al. Seven-year mortality in heart failure patients with undiagnosed diabetes: an observational study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10: 39.

4: Spijkerman AMW, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, et al. Microvascular complications at time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes are similar among diabetic patients detected by targeted screening and patients newly diagnosed in general practice: the hoorn screening study. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (9): 2604-2608.

5: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Treating Americans With Diabetes Cost Hospitals $83 Billion 2010. http://www.ahrq.gov/news/nn/nn081310.htm [2]. [Accessed 2011-08-23]

2.4 Diabetes in the young

1: D.I.A.M.O.N.D. Project Group. Incidence and trends of childhood Type 1 diabetes worldwide 1990-1999. Diabet Med 2006; 23 (8): 857-866.

2: Patterson CC, Dahlquist GG, Gyürüs E, et al. Incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989-2003 and predicted new cases 2005-20: a multicentre prospective registration study. Lancet 2009; 373 (9680): 2027-2033. 

3: S.E.A.R.C.H. for Diabetes in Youth Study Group , Liese AD, D'Agostino RB, et al. The burden of diabetes mellitus among US youth: prevalence estimates from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics 2006; 118 (4): 1510-1518.

2.5 Mortality

1: International Diabetes Federation. The IDF Diabetes Atlas. Fourth Edition. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2009.

2: Roglic G, Unwin N. Mortality attributable to diabetes: estimates for the year 2010. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 87 (1): 15-19.

3: Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Mähönen M, et al. Contribution of trends in survival and coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10-year results from 37 WHO MONICA project populations. Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease. Lancet 1999; 353 (9164): 1547-1557.

4: Colagiuri S, Borch-Johnsen K, Glümer C, et al. There really is an epidemic of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2005; 48 (8): 1459-1463.

5: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010 UNAIDS; 2010.

6: World Health Organization. World Malaria Report: 2010 World Health Organization; 2010.

7: World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control: 2010 Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.

2.6 Healthcare expenditures

1: Barceló A, Aedo C, Rajpathak S, et al. The cost of diabetes in Latin America and the Caribbean. Bull World Health Organ 2003; 81 (1): 19-27.

Chapter 3: Regional overviews

3.2 Europe

1: Central Intelligance Agency. The World Factbook. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ [3]

3.3 Middle East and North Africa

1: Arab M. The economics of diabetes care in the Middle East. In Alberti K, Zimmet P, Defronzo R, editors. International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus. Second Edition. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 1997.

2: World Bank. World Bank Data, WHO parameters, 1999-2000. World Bank; 2000.

3.4 North America and the Caribbean

1: United Nations. World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. Geneva: United Nations; 2007. http://www.un.org/esa/population/ [4]

3.6 South-East Asia

1: Central Intelligance Agency. The World Factbook. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ [3]  [Accessed 2011-08-23].

3.7 Western Pacific

1: Central Intelligance Agency. The World Factbook. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ [3] [Accessed 2011-08-23].

Chapter 4: Diabetes and development

4.1 Diabetes in low-, middle- and high-income countries

1: The World Bank. Country and Lending Groups 2011. http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/countr-and-lending-groups [Accessed 2011-08-23] [5]

4.2 Social determinants of diabetes and the challenge of prevention

1: Whiting D, Unwin N, Roglic G. Diabetes: equity and social determinants. In Blas E, Kurup A, editors. Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. World Health Organization; 2010. p77-94.

2: Goldstein J, Jacoby E, del Aguila R, et al. Poverty is a predictor of non-communicable disease among adults in Peruvian cities. Prev Med 2005; 41 (3-4): 800-806.

3: Shobhana R, Rao PR, Lavanya A, et al. Expenditure on health care incurred by diabetic subjects in a developing country--a study from southern India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000; 48 (1): 37-42.

4: Hawkes C. The role of foreign direct investment in the nutrition transition. Public Health Nutr 2005; 8 (4): 357-365.

5: Knowler WC, Connor EB, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin 2002; 346 (6): 393-403.

6: Lindström J, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, et al. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS): Lifestyle intervention and 3-year results on diet and physical activity. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (12): 3230-3236.

4.3 Diabetes and tuberculosis

1: World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control: 2010 Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.

2: Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Jeon CY, Cohen T, et al. Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis in countries with high tuberculosis burdens: individual risks and social determinants. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40 (2): 417-428.

3: Jeon CY, Murray MB. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic review of 13 observational studies. PLoS Med 2008; 5 (7): e152.

4: Ottmani S.-E, Murray MB, Jeon CY, et al. Consultation meeting on tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: meeting summary and recommendations. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010; 14 (12): 1513-1517.

5: Baker MA, Harries AD, Jeon CY, et al. The impact of diabetes on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: A systematic review. BMC Med 2011; 9: 81.

6: Jeon CY, Harries AD, Baker MA, et al. Bi-directional screening for tuberculosis and diabetes: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 2010; 15 (11): 1300-1314.

7: Leung CC, Lam TH, Chan WM, et al. Diabetic control and risk of tuberculosis: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 167 (12): 1486-1494.

8: Pablos-Méndez A, Blustein J, Knirsch CA. The role of diabetes mellitus in the higher prevalence of tuberculosis among Hispanics. Am J Public Health 1997; 87 (4): 574-579.

4.4 Diabetes and the Millennium Development Goals

1: Stuckler D, Basu S, McKee M. Drivers of inequality in Millennium Development Goal progress: a statistical analysis. PLoS Med 2010; 7 (3): e1000241.

2: Ramachandran A, Ramachandran S, Snehalatha C, et al. Increasing expenditure on health care incurred by diabetic subjects in a developing country: a study from India. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (2): 252-256.

3: Hu FB. Globalization of diabetes: the role of diet, lifestyle, and genes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34 (6): 1249-1257.

4: World Health Organization. Women and Health: Today's evidence, tomorrow's agenda World Health Organization; 2009.

5: Young F, Critchley JA, Johnstone LK, et al. A review of co-morbidity between infectious and chronic disease in Sub Saharan Africa: TB and diabetes mellitus, HIV and metabolic syndrome, and the impact of globalization. Global Health 2009; 5: 9.

6: Danquah I, Bedu-Addo G, Mockenhaupt FP. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and increased risk for malaria infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16 (10): 1601-1604.

7: Eltahir EM, Ghazali GE, A-Elgadir TME, et al. Raised plasma insulin level and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score in cerebral malaria: evidence for insulin resistance and marker of virulence. Acta Biochim Pol 2010; 57 (4): 513-520.